Can You Smell Rain Geosmin and Petrichor

Do you know the smell of the air before or after it rains? It isnt the water that you smell, but a mixture of other chemicals. The odor you smell before the rain comes from ozone, a form of oxygen  which is produced by lightning, and ionized gases in the atmosphere.  The name given to the characteristic odor of rain after  it rains, especially following  a dry spell, is petrichor. The word petrichor  comes from the from  Greek,  Petros, meaning ‘stone’   ichor, the fluid flowing  in the veins of the gods in Greek mythology. Petrichor is caused primarily by  a molecule called  geosmin. About Geosmin Geosmin (meaning earth smell in Greek) is  produced by Streptomyces, a Gram-positive type of Actinobacteria. The chemical is released by the bacteria  when they die. It is a bicyclic alcohol with the chemical formula C12H22O. Humans are very sensitive to geosmin and can detect it at levels as low  as 5 parts per trillion. Geosmin in Food—a  Cooking Tip Geosmin contributes an earthy, sometimes unpleasant flavor to foods. Geosmin is found in beets and also freshwater fish, such as catfish and carp, where it concentrates in the fatty skin and dark muscle tissues. Cooking these foods together with an acidic ingredient renders the geosmin odorless. Common ingredients you can use include vinegar and citrus juices. Plant Oils Geosmin isnt the only molecule that you smell after it rains.  In a 1964 Nature article, researchers Bear and Thomas analyzed air from rainstorms and found ozone, geosmin, and also aromatic plant oils. During dry spells, some plants release the oil, which is absorbed into clay and soil around the plant. The purpose of the oil is  to slow seed germination and growth since it would be unlikely for the seedlings to prosper with insufficient water. Sources Bear, I.J.; R.G. Thomas (March 1964). Nature of argillaceous odor.  Nature  201  (4923): 993–995.

The Court Of Appeals Affirmed The Dismissal - 1573 Words

The Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal. The court concluded that even though there were â€Å"identical floor areas, number of parking spaces, the provision of a public plaza, the use of public art, and the orientation of the buildings to ensure water views,† many of these were standard features for high-rise developments and could not be protected because they were simply abstract ideas. Furthermore, there were differences between the two designs including the dimensions of a glass roof on the building, the absence of ornamental ribbons in the defendant’s design, and additional balconies that were not present in the plaintiff’s designs. The court viewed these differences as substantial enough so that no reasonable person would view the structures as being substantially similar. As such, the court concluded that even in the pleading stages of litigation (before discovery), the trial court did not err in dismissing the claim. Peter highlights the courts’ general unwillingness to recognize infringement of architectural works. There was no doubt that the defendant in Peter had access to the plaintiff’s plans (they worked together previously), and there were certainly some overt similarities in the two developments. However, the court would not even allow the plaintiff the benefit of discovery because, in its view, the differences were too substantial. While making such a fact intensive determination at the pleading stage may be somewhat brash, the nature of â€Å"thin†Show MoreRelatedFacts And Procedural History : Indianas Newborn Screening Program1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe trial court denied the request for a preliminary injunction and later granted the motion to dismiss on the same grounds asserted by ISDH. 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Career Planning Reflection †Free Sample Assignment Solution

Question: Describe about the career planning reflection. Answer: Abstract In this assignment, we try to reflect how a persons career is planned based on his values and the capacity that one is associated with it. Finally, we try to do a personal branding exercise where we try to project these values and goals. The person taken into consideration here is me and, the assignment is carried out on my aims and values. Introduction The assignment mainly deals with three components that it has to cater to in which the first one being the Value audit followed by the Capability Audit and finally going to the step of Personality branding. Value Audit The values that I abide by are Respect, Friendship, Family, Loyalty and Teamwork. I am a very social person who has helped in building my friends circle, and I am always comfortable in working with teams and being loyal to the same. My destiny in life is to settle in Canada with my family in the next ten years. To shed light on my education, I did my secondary school in India, and now I am doing my BBM in Australia to run my firm. While we make decisions, our values shape our decision-making process. INTERNAL Strengths: Loyalty, Ability to work in teams Weaknesses: Too much trust on strangers, Procrastination EXTERNAL Opportunities: Close knitted team, Openings in fields of interests Threats: Intense competition Capability Audit There are five main criteria which are mentioned which are used by employers to choose graduates. On those standards, I would relate to incidents in my life where I have shown these skills. Demonstrated capacity to communicate effectively: During my secondary education in India, I had opportunities where I used to take part in a variety of group discussions in my school. In one such event, we were told to communicate about how a team should work. I was given the responsibility of leading the discussion, and I had to initiate the discussion also. I started off with explaining the topic and gradually split the details into buckets for the easier understanding of the group. By the end of my introduction, I was appreciated by the faculty as well as the students, praising the clarity that I could give on the topic. Excellent organisational and administrative skills: During my education days, I had to be a part of the convening team of a national level technical symposium organised by our institution. The event saw participation from students of various institutes from all over the country. I had to take care of the logistics arrangement for the event, coordinate with judges of events and also had to look after the purchase of the prizes. To do all these, I convened smaller teams and had told them to report to me on a regular basis and provide updates. This made my work easier and the process efficient. Proven ability to work as part of a team: As mentioned above, I have always been preferred for a team due to my dedication as well as my motivational skills to push a team forward and work in sync. Similar to this, as mentioned above while I was given the lead for individual teams in the symposium, I also worked as a team member with them to get the work done properly as well as contribute my inputs for the betterment of the output. By doing so, I obtained excellent results and the desired outputs which aided the outcome of the event to be a grand success. Well-developed customer service skills: The participants who visited for the fests and symposiums had to be provided proper guidance when they visit other institutes. Keeping this in mind, during our institutes fest, after having completed my administrative duties, I also took it on myself to take time for the guidance of other students. I worked on the reception desk and also provided directions to the participants to the places they wanted to go to from our school. This evoked a lot of positive response from them, and I was appreciated by the faculty convenors for my timely help to the students from other schools. Proven ability to manage projects: At due courses during my secondary education, I had to work on multiple projects that would yield me recognition as well as learning. While doing those, I had to juggle numerous journals as well as various theories related to the different projects, and this made me multitask a lot. Still I could efficiently do that and see these; my mentors gave me great feedback. I was also praised by my teachers for the results I produced and my projects had turned out to be a realist. My teammates had also put in efforts, and we coordinated well to get those results. Personal branding: Graduate Pitch Having been brought up in a conservative background, I worked very hard to break the shackles of the society I grew in to become what I am today. I put in all my efforts to secure a good secondary education where I displayed multidimensional skills in all the fields and excelled in most of them to earn credits and laurels to myself as well as my institution. Carrying forward the same momentum to the institute I am in today; I learnt the static as well as the dynamic aspects that this Bachelors degree had to offer. The diversity of students widened my learning as well as sharpened my problem-solving skills to a very great extent. These skills that I imbibed were not taught only in the classroom, and quite a few of them are imbibed from my fellow mates. This proves that I am a person who is open to learning from all sources and I do not bind myself to theory. The projects I have taken up show my analytical as well as my problem-solving skills, both as an individual and as a team player . I have always been ready to take up challenges, and my keenness to lead teams has also been visible in the positions of responsibilities that I have taken up. Combining all this, I come across as a strong and dynamic leader who asserts himself into the role of a team player and creates solutions for problems and improves the efficiency of the solution. Conclusion Catering to the requirements of the assignment, I have done a value audit, capability review and a personal branding pitch for myself. During this assignment, I realised what values I stick to and how these values are the ones who shape up my decision making as well as provide me with the necessary push in times when I am low. The SWOT analysis provided insights as to the places I am strong in and the places that I should work on to better me as a person as well as an individual who can adapt himself to the dynamics of his surroundings. Also, I learnt that to be useful in one's work; one should have a commitment as well as dedication to succeed in it. This was a key feature that I had imbibed in me, along with team work, to succeed in whatever activities I take up. Bibliography (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2016.

Research Proposal on Physical Chemistry Research Paper Example

Research Proposal on Physical Chemistry Paper Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry, the science of the genera; laws of the structure, composition and transformation of the chemical substances. Physical chemistry researches chemical phenomena with the help of the theoretical and experimental methods of physics. The history of physical chemistry is quite long and it started in the 18th century when the Russian scientist Lomonosov started to dwell on the issues and relations between chemistry and physics. Physical chemistry can be called the basis of the modern chemistry using the theoretic methods of the most important issues of physics, like quantum mechanics, statistical physics, thermodynamics, nonlinear system, field theory, etc. It includes the study about the structure of substances, the composition of molecules, chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and catalysis. Physical chemistry consists of numerous branches: electrochemistry, photochemistry, adsorption, radiation chemistry, the study about corrosion, etc. Interface and colloid science is the traditional name of physical chemistry which focuses on adhesion, adsorption, wetting, coagulation, electrophoresis and developing technology of building materials, rock drilling, sol-gel technology and embraces chemistry, physics and biology into the single unity. Radiochemistry dwells on the parts of the microscopic size and their radiation. Crystal chemistry works with the crystal structures and their relations with other structures. Thermochemistry is the science which learns the thermal effects and reactions. The number of the sciences related with physical chemistry is very big and it is obvious that these two sciences are not observed separately anymore, because their relation is so close that it can answer to many questions which have bothered the humanity lately. Physical chemistry is an important and fundamental science which tries to find the logical answers to the troublesome questions related with existence. It is obvious that the science is broad and requires much attention and narrowing, so students are able to suggest their own research projects which would clear up the certain definite issues. The student should explain the meaning of physical chemistry, prove that its research is useful and requires further improvement and share the results of the science and define their role of the natural science of our time. The student also is expected to present the methodology of the research and the sources used for the analysis of the issues on physical chemistry. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Physical Chemistry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Physical Chemistry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Physical Chemistry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is reasonable to use the strong sides of the Internet in order to increase your chance to complete a well-organized paper. If the student faces troubles he can use a free example research proposal on physical chemistry researched by the experienced writer. Moreover, young professionals will learn about the convincing manner of writing, the rules of formatting and analysis reading a free sample research proposal on physical chemistry online. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Physical Chemistry topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

How to Grow Blue Copper Sulfate Crystals

How to Grow Blue Copper Sulfate Crystals Copper sulfate crystals are among the easiest and most beautiful crystals that you can grow. The brilliant blue crystals can be grown relatively quickly and can become quite large.   Copper Sulfate Tips Safety Copper sulfate is harmful if swallowed and can irritate skin and mucous membranes. In case of contact, rinse skin with water. If swallowed, give water and call a physician.Even a small increase in the temperature of the water will greatly affect the amount of copper sulfate (CuS04  . 5H20) that will dissolve.Copper sulfate pentahydrate crystals contain water, so if you want to store your finished crystal, keep it in a sealed container. Otherwise, water will evaporate from the crystals, leaving them dull and powdery from efflorescence. The gray or greenish powder is the anhydrous form of copper sulfate.Copper sulfate is used in copper plating, blood tests for anemia, in algicides and fungicides, in textile manufacturing, and as a desiccant. Copper Sulfate Crystal Materials Copper sulfateWaterJar Make a Saturated Copper Sulfate Solution Stir copper sulfate into very hot water until no more will dissolve. You can just pour the solution into a jar and wait a few days for crystals to grow, but if you grow a seed crystal, you can get much larger and better-shaped crystals. Grow a Seed Crystal Pour a little of the saturated copper sulfate solution into a saucer or shallow dish. Allow it to sit in an undisturbed location for several hours or overnight. Select the best crystal as your seed for growing a large crystal. Scrape the crystal off of the container and tie it to a length of nylon fishing line. Growing a Large Crystal Suspend the seed crystal in a clean jar that you have filled with the solution you made earlier. Dont allow any undissolved copper sulfate to spill into the jar. Dont let the seed crystal touch the sides or bottom of the jar.Place the jar in a location where it wont be disturbed. You can set a coffee filter or paper towel over the top of the container, but allow air circulation so that the liquid can evaporate.Check the growth of your crystal each day. If you see crystals starting to grow on the bottom, sides, or top of the container then remove the seed crystal and suspend it in a clean jar. Pour the solution into this jar. You dont want extra crystals growing because they will compete with your crystal and will slow its growth.When you are pleased with your crystal, you can remove it from the solution and allow it to dry.

Surrogacy and How it Affects Families

Surrogacy and How it Affects Families Background Information The modern breakthrough in the medical field and specifically in the area of assisted reproduction has resulted in the emergence of new types of families in the contemporary society whereby genetic parenthood does not necessarily guarantee social parenthood (Golombok et al., 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogacy and How it Affects Families specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Surrogacy, one of the forms of assisted reproduction refers to an arrangement where one woman offers to bear a child on behalf of another person. There are two types of surrogacy arrangements; traditional surrogacy which involves situations where the surrogate mother donates her womb as well as her egg in order to provide a baby and this consequently renders the surrogate mother biologically connected to the child since they share genetic material (Ziegler, 2004). This method is widely preferred since it is consider ably less expensive than gestational surrogacy. In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate mother lacks genetic connection whatsoever with the child since and her role is to donate only her womb to carry the child. Both the egg and the sperm are produced by the commissioning parents and the embryo is then created in the lab after which after which it is then transferred into the surrogate’s uterus (Ziegler, 2004). Although surrogacy has an ancient history dating back to the biblical times, the issue began to raise controversy in the contemporary society in the 80s with major concerns being raised regarding children welfare and women rights (Golombok et al, 2004). Surrogacy has been executed through artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization which has received a lot of opposition from the institution of family, religion and the society at large. In fact, of all the assisted reproduction procedures that are being utilized in the modern society, surrogacy remains the most c ontentious method prompting most legal systems in the world to formulate regulations to govern the practice (Golombok et al, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reasons for Prevalence Of Surrogacy in the Modern Society Some couples opt for surrogacy to provide a solution in case one of the partners is incapable of having a child either due to infertility or other factors (Jonsen, 1998). The female partner may e experiencing medical complications with her uterus, ovaries or other complications that may inhibit her ability to conceive children and use of a surrogate mother provides the couple with a means through which the couple can acquire a child who is related to one of the partners. In addition, the use of surrogate mothers provides an easier opportunity for the infertile mother to have a child while avoiding the bureaucratic and cumbersome procedures associated with traditional adoption and also provides her with an opportunity to raise a child who is genetically related to her partner (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998). Surrogacy also benefits the fertile partner by providing an opportunity for him to conceive and raise a child who is biologically tied to him and this further avoids ugly situations in marriages such as divorce, polygamy, and adulterous unions among others (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998). Further, the use of a medical practitioner in the entire process of surrogacy considerably reduces the above events and other factors that may promote destruction of the institution of the family. Proponents of surrogacy have argued that through surrogate motherhood, a child is given a chance to live and this would otherwise have not have been possible in absence of such arrangements and the child also benefits from being reared by parents who wanted the child so much that they were willing to withstand financial, legal and other hardshi ps to have this child. Further, One preliminary study revealed that about one third of the surrogate mothers may use the process to help them deal with past experiences that have negatively affected them psychologically. Women that may have undergone abortions or voluntarily given up their children for adoption may utilize this arrangement to derive psychologically satisfaction (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogacy and How it Affects Families specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although there exists numerous potential risks associated with surrogacy arrangements, those risks can be understood by the prospective participants to weigh the effectiveness and drawbacks of using this method of assisted reproduction (Josen 1998). Surrogate motherhood has received extensive media attention in the recent past and has raised a lot of emotional reactions and ethical concerns in the modern so ciety. The issues raised range from inclusion of third party in the process of procreation and in the basic family set up to the psychological consequences of the arrangement to the parties involved especially the child. Unfortunately scholars lack adequate information to assess the impacts of these issues on the parties involved since the activities surrounding surrogacy such as sperm donation and infertility are still treated with utmost secrecy consequently limiting the scope of the study (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998). Effects of Surrogacy Arrangement on the Family There lacks a systematic controlled investigation on the consequences of surrogacy in family relationships but some studies conducted on assisted reproduction show no adverse effects of these methods on parenting (Golombok et al, 2004). Parents of genetically related children conceived through In Vitro fertilization have been found to display good relationships with their children and when differences have been fou nd to exist between IVF parents and natural conception parents, the differences have tended to reflect higher levels of anxiety among IVF parents of infants and preschool children (Golombok et al, 2004). These mothers who had their children conceived through IVF tended to be more protective of their children and they allowed their children less autonomy relative to natural mothers. Further these parents viewed their children as more vulnerable and special and also demonstrated less maternal efficacy than natural conception mothers (Golombok et al, 2004). Surrogacy arrangements are characterized by anxiety and uncertainties generated throughout the period of pregnancy until the commissioning couple receives the child. This results from lack of a guarantee that the surrogate mother will relinquish the child upon birth since in some past cases surrogate mothers have refused to give up the child to the intended parents (Golombok et al, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently the commissioning parents must ensure that there exists a mutually acceptable relationship between them and the surrogate and they may negatively impact on the couple’s relationship. Greater difficulties may be further experienced by the commissioning mother who may be neither the genetic nor the gestational mother and may feel insecure and excluded in their mothering role (Golombok et al, 2004). Moral Aspects of Surrogacy One of the dangers inherent surrogacy arrangements is that it may amount to commodification of children (Hendrick, 2010). The arrangement may serve to promote the perception that children complete a family like any other consumer goods. Some scholars have warned about the emergence of ‘capitalist baby industry’ which may result in commodification of children as well as the personal attributes such as sex, color height etc. However, the argument that surrogacy turns babies into a market commodity seems a little far fetched with some scholars acknowledging that the argument is to some extent exaggerated and the child exchange is valid only to the extent that the surrogacy is regarded as objectionable (Hendrick, 2010). Various arguments have been put forward to explain the psychological effects of surrogacy on children on the knowledge of their true identity. Negative impacts are especially likely to arise in situations where the children share a strenuous relationship with the commissioning parents and the knowledge that they had come to this world as a result of a commercial arrangement may cause further damage to the relationship and may also interfere with the child’s development and self esteem (Hendrick, 2010). However, due to lack of adequate and clear empirical evidence on the long term psychological effects of surrogacy, we can only make predictions about its long term impacts on children and the institution of the family. It is clear that even though surrogacy is problematic, it is just as probl ematic as any other conventional family and the dangers involved are neither inevitable nor insurmountable. Therefore, the society should focus more on regulation of the practice rather than involving themselves in pessimistic speculations of its outcome (Hendrick, 2010). Legal Aspects of Surrogacy Universal laws pertaining surrogacy are dynamic (Ziegler, 2004). It is therefore vital for the parties involved in the arrangement opt consult an experienced attorney in drawing and implementation of the contract. In the United States back in 2004, only two states were considered ‘surrogate friendly’; California and Arkansas, with California having the case law on how to handle such arrangements consequently making it the most favorable state for surrogacy arrangements (Ziegler, 2004). A considerable number of states lacked outlined laws governing surrogacy and most of them treated it like adoption while in other states such as Washington and New York criminalized paid surrog acy. Most surrogacy legislation fails to give a clear cut distinction in terms of provisions for gestational and traditional surrogacy (Sauer, 1998). As the traditional method continues to be the most preferred method due to its cost efficiency, most states requires stepparent adoption by the intended mother before a final adoption order is permitted and in some states it is subject to the surrogate’s change of heart. One of the most important components of an egg donor agreement is that it involves relinquishment of parental rights by the donor upon the birth of the child and under the agreement the child is considered to belong to the intended parents (Sauer, 1998). Where the contract for surrogate parenting is unenforceable, there are remedies provided for the parties involved (Freedman, 1991). The genetic father involved in the surrogacy is readily acknowledged as the biological father of the child and consequently expected to support the child and the surrogate if she ke eps the child. However, the burden of proof lies on the surrogate who should prove that the said person is the biological father of the child and may use the human leucocytes antigen test to resolve the paternity issue. In addition, she is needed to prove that the state statute that renders the sperm donor free of any responsibility to a child conceived through artificial conception does not apply in her case (Freedman, 1991). Reference List Freedman, W. (1991). Legal issues in biotechnology and human reproduction: artificial conception and modern genetics, UK: Greenwood publishing. Golombok, S., Murray, C., Jadva, V., MacCallu, F., and Lycett, E. (2004). Families created through surrogacy arrangements: parent-child relationship in the first year of life. Web. Hendrick, J. (2010). Laws and ethics in children’s nursing, UK: John Wiley and sons. Jonsen, R. A., Veatch, M. R., and Walters, L. (1998). Source book in bioethics, Washington DC: Georgetown University press. Sauer, V. M. (1998). Principles of oocyte and embryo donation. NY: Springer. Ziegler, S. (2004). Pathways to parenthood: the ultimate guide to surrogacy. London: universal publishers.

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics - Essay Example The theory of â€Å"invisible hand† proposed by the father of economics, Adam Smith, refers to this theory of price. According to Smith, prices are the sacrifice made by customers in order to make a utility gain through consumption of the good or service and the gain made by producers by selling the product that they have produced. Therefore, any rational consumer would be willing to make lesser sacrifice for a comparatively larger amount of gain. On the other hand, producers or sellers would desire to be willing to earn more by selling their product than the sacrifice they have made during producing the good. The market comes to equilibrium at the point at which both the decisions regarding buying and selling the good intersect with one another. This phenomenon is termed as the invisible hand, since the market operates without intervention by any third party (Mankiw 26). Figure: Free market equilibrium (Source: Author’s creation) Three important functions are played by price mechanism in a competitive market economy. These are signaling function, rationalling function and incentive function. Signaling function Prices of goods and services in a competitive market economy demonstrate the rate of availability or scarcity of resources in the market. It indicates whether resource is allocated adequately in different sectors in the economy (Adil 71). In the long run, high price level signals producers to enter the market, while customers are signaled to leave the market and look for cheaper substitutes. Therefore, supply rise and demand falls. Figure: Signaling effect (Source: Author’s creation) Rationalling function Prices can ration scarce resources when market demand is much higher than market supply. If market demand is higher, price would rise, thereby making the good available to those customers only that have the demand for the good backed by purchasing power. It helps to bring the market to equilibrium from a position of disequilibrium b y equaling demand with supply (Boyes and ?Michael 26). Incentive function Price mechanism plays an active and important role in the market economy. Price of a good is the incentive for both buyer and seller to buy or sell the product. For successful running of a competitive market, prices should be efficient enough to incentive the economic agents to involve into economic transactions. Figure: Rationing and incentive effect (Source: Author’s creation) If there is excess demand it raises price. Incentive effect allows suppliers to increase supply while rationalling effect makes buyers to reduce demand. This leads to a new equilibrium (from e to e2). Answer 2: Demand and supply are two basic forces that operate in a competitive market structure. Price plays an important role in determining the equilibrium quantity of demand and supply in this type of economy. Although economic theory simplistically states that there is negative relationship between price of a product and its de mand and positive relationship between price of the product and its supply; there is a difference between expansion and increase in demand or supply for a good or service and contraction or decrease in demand or supply for a good or service (Friedman 13). Expansion or contraction in demand or supply Demand (or supply) can change either due to change in price of the good (or service) or due to change in other variables affecting price.