How to Grow Blue Copper Sulfate Crystals

How to Grow Blue Copper Sulfate Crystals Copper sulfate crystals are among the easiest and most beautiful crystals that you can grow. The brilliant blue crystals can be grown relatively quickly and can become quite large.   Copper Sulfate Tips Safety Copper sulfate is harmful if swallowed and can irritate skin and mucous membranes. In case of contact, rinse skin with water. If swallowed, give water and call a physician.Even a small increase in the temperature of the water will greatly affect the amount of copper sulfate (CuS04  . 5H20) that will dissolve.Copper sulfate pentahydrate crystals contain water, so if you want to store your finished crystal, keep it in a sealed container. Otherwise, water will evaporate from the crystals, leaving them dull and powdery from efflorescence. The gray or greenish powder is the anhydrous form of copper sulfate.Copper sulfate is used in copper plating, blood tests for anemia, in algicides and fungicides, in textile manufacturing, and as a desiccant. Copper Sulfate Crystal Materials Copper sulfateWaterJar Make a Saturated Copper Sulfate Solution Stir copper sulfate into very hot water until no more will dissolve. You can just pour the solution into a jar and wait a few days for crystals to grow, but if you grow a seed crystal, you can get much larger and better-shaped crystals. Grow a Seed Crystal Pour a little of the saturated copper sulfate solution into a saucer or shallow dish. Allow it to sit in an undisturbed location for several hours or overnight. Select the best crystal as your seed for growing a large crystal. Scrape the crystal off of the container and tie it to a length of nylon fishing line. Growing a Large Crystal Suspend the seed crystal in a clean jar that you have filled with the solution you made earlier. Dont allow any undissolved copper sulfate to spill into the jar. Dont let the seed crystal touch the sides or bottom of the jar.Place the jar in a location where it wont be disturbed. You can set a coffee filter or paper towel over the top of the container, but allow air circulation so that the liquid can evaporate.Check the growth of your crystal each day. If you see crystals starting to grow on the bottom, sides, or top of the container then remove the seed crystal and suspend it in a clean jar. Pour the solution into this jar. You dont want extra crystals growing because they will compete with your crystal and will slow its growth.When you are pleased with your crystal, you can remove it from the solution and allow it to dry.

Surrogacy and How it Affects Families

Surrogacy and How it Affects Families Background Information The modern breakthrough in the medical field and specifically in the area of assisted reproduction has resulted in the emergence of new types of families in the contemporary society whereby genetic parenthood does not necessarily guarantee social parenthood (Golombok et al., 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogacy and How it Affects Families specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Surrogacy, one of the forms of assisted reproduction refers to an arrangement where one woman offers to bear a child on behalf of another person. There are two types of surrogacy arrangements; traditional surrogacy which involves situations where the surrogate mother donates her womb as well as her egg in order to provide a baby and this consequently renders the surrogate mother biologically connected to the child since they share genetic material (Ziegler, 2004). This method is widely preferred since it is consider ably less expensive than gestational surrogacy. In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate mother lacks genetic connection whatsoever with the child since and her role is to donate only her womb to carry the child. Both the egg and the sperm are produced by the commissioning parents and the embryo is then created in the lab after which after which it is then transferred into the surrogate’s uterus (Ziegler, 2004). Although surrogacy has an ancient history dating back to the biblical times, the issue began to raise controversy in the contemporary society in the 80s with major concerns being raised regarding children welfare and women rights (Golombok et al, 2004). Surrogacy has been executed through artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization which has received a lot of opposition from the institution of family, religion and the society at large. In fact, of all the assisted reproduction procedures that are being utilized in the modern society, surrogacy remains the most c ontentious method prompting most legal systems in the world to formulate regulations to govern the practice (Golombok et al, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reasons for Prevalence Of Surrogacy in the Modern Society Some couples opt for surrogacy to provide a solution in case one of the partners is incapable of having a child either due to infertility or other factors (Jonsen, 1998). The female partner may e experiencing medical complications with her uterus, ovaries or other complications that may inhibit her ability to conceive children and use of a surrogate mother provides the couple with a means through which the couple can acquire a child who is related to one of the partners. In addition, the use of surrogate mothers provides an easier opportunity for the infertile mother to have a child while avoiding the bureaucratic and cumbersome procedures associated with traditional adoption and also provides her with an opportunity to raise a child who is genetically related to her partner (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998). Surrogacy also benefits the fertile partner by providing an opportunity for him to conceive and raise a child who is biologically tied to him and this further avoids ugly situations in marriages such as divorce, polygamy, and adulterous unions among others (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998). Further, the use of a medical practitioner in the entire process of surrogacy considerably reduces the above events and other factors that may promote destruction of the institution of the family. Proponents of surrogacy have argued that through surrogate motherhood, a child is given a chance to live and this would otherwise have not have been possible in absence of such arrangements and the child also benefits from being reared by parents who wanted the child so much that they were willing to withstand financial, legal and other hardshi ps to have this child. Further, One preliminary study revealed that about one third of the surrogate mothers may use the process to help them deal with past experiences that have negatively affected them psychologically. Women that may have undergone abortions or voluntarily given up their children for adoption may utilize this arrangement to derive psychologically satisfaction (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogacy and How it Affects Families specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although there exists numerous potential risks associated with surrogacy arrangements, those risks can be understood by the prospective participants to weigh the effectiveness and drawbacks of using this method of assisted reproduction (Josen 1998). Surrogate motherhood has received extensive media attention in the recent past and has raised a lot of emotional reactions and ethical concerns in the modern so ciety. The issues raised range from inclusion of third party in the process of procreation and in the basic family set up to the psychological consequences of the arrangement to the parties involved especially the child. Unfortunately scholars lack adequate information to assess the impacts of these issues on the parties involved since the activities surrounding surrogacy such as sperm donation and infertility are still treated with utmost secrecy consequently limiting the scope of the study (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998). Effects of Surrogacy Arrangement on the Family There lacks a systematic controlled investigation on the consequences of surrogacy in family relationships but some studies conducted on assisted reproduction show no adverse effects of these methods on parenting (Golombok et al, 2004). Parents of genetically related children conceived through In Vitro fertilization have been found to display good relationships with their children and when differences have been fou nd to exist between IVF parents and natural conception parents, the differences have tended to reflect higher levels of anxiety among IVF parents of infants and preschool children (Golombok et al, 2004). These mothers who had their children conceived through IVF tended to be more protective of their children and they allowed their children less autonomy relative to natural mothers. Further these parents viewed their children as more vulnerable and special and also demonstrated less maternal efficacy than natural conception mothers (Golombok et al, 2004). Surrogacy arrangements are characterized by anxiety and uncertainties generated throughout the period of pregnancy until the commissioning couple receives the child. This results from lack of a guarantee that the surrogate mother will relinquish the child upon birth since in some past cases surrogate mothers have refused to give up the child to the intended parents (Golombok et al, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently the commissioning parents must ensure that there exists a mutually acceptable relationship between them and the surrogate and they may negatively impact on the couple’s relationship. Greater difficulties may be further experienced by the commissioning mother who may be neither the genetic nor the gestational mother and may feel insecure and excluded in their mothering role (Golombok et al, 2004). Moral Aspects of Surrogacy One of the dangers inherent surrogacy arrangements is that it may amount to commodification of children (Hendrick, 2010). The arrangement may serve to promote the perception that children complete a family like any other consumer goods. Some scholars have warned about the emergence of ‘capitalist baby industry’ which may result in commodification of children as well as the personal attributes such as sex, color height etc. However, the argument that surrogacy turns babies into a market commodity seems a little far fetched with some scholars acknowledging that the argument is to some extent exaggerated and the child exchange is valid only to the extent that the surrogacy is regarded as objectionable (Hendrick, 2010). Various arguments have been put forward to explain the psychological effects of surrogacy on children on the knowledge of their true identity. Negative impacts are especially likely to arise in situations where the children share a strenuous relationship with the commissioning parents and the knowledge that they had come to this world as a result of a commercial arrangement may cause further damage to the relationship and may also interfere with the child’s development and self esteem (Hendrick, 2010). However, due to lack of adequate and clear empirical evidence on the long term psychological effects of surrogacy, we can only make predictions about its long term impacts on children and the institution of the family. It is clear that even though surrogacy is problematic, it is just as probl ematic as any other conventional family and the dangers involved are neither inevitable nor insurmountable. Therefore, the society should focus more on regulation of the practice rather than involving themselves in pessimistic speculations of its outcome (Hendrick, 2010). Legal Aspects of Surrogacy Universal laws pertaining surrogacy are dynamic (Ziegler, 2004). It is therefore vital for the parties involved in the arrangement opt consult an experienced attorney in drawing and implementation of the contract. In the United States back in 2004, only two states were considered ‘surrogate friendly’; California and Arkansas, with California having the case law on how to handle such arrangements consequently making it the most favorable state for surrogacy arrangements (Ziegler, 2004). A considerable number of states lacked outlined laws governing surrogacy and most of them treated it like adoption while in other states such as Washington and New York criminalized paid surrog acy. Most surrogacy legislation fails to give a clear cut distinction in terms of provisions for gestational and traditional surrogacy (Sauer, 1998). As the traditional method continues to be the most preferred method due to its cost efficiency, most states requires stepparent adoption by the intended mother before a final adoption order is permitted and in some states it is subject to the surrogate’s change of heart. One of the most important components of an egg donor agreement is that it involves relinquishment of parental rights by the donor upon the birth of the child and under the agreement the child is considered to belong to the intended parents (Sauer, 1998). Where the contract for surrogate parenting is unenforceable, there are remedies provided for the parties involved (Freedman, 1991). The genetic father involved in the surrogacy is readily acknowledged as the biological father of the child and consequently expected to support the child and the surrogate if she ke eps the child. However, the burden of proof lies on the surrogate who should prove that the said person is the biological father of the child and may use the human leucocytes antigen test to resolve the paternity issue. In addition, she is needed to prove that the state statute that renders the sperm donor free of any responsibility to a child conceived through artificial conception does not apply in her case (Freedman, 1991). Reference List Freedman, W. (1991). Legal issues in biotechnology and human reproduction: artificial conception and modern genetics, UK: Greenwood publishing. Golombok, S., Murray, C., Jadva, V., MacCallu, F., and Lycett, E. (2004). Families created through surrogacy arrangements: parent-child relationship in the first year of life. Web. Hendrick, J. (2010). Laws and ethics in children’s nursing, UK: John Wiley and sons. Jonsen, R. A., Veatch, M. R., and Walters, L. (1998). Source book in bioethics, Washington DC: Georgetown University press. Sauer, V. M. (1998). Principles of oocyte and embryo donation. NY: Springer. Ziegler, S. (2004). Pathways to parenthood: the ultimate guide to surrogacy. London: universal publishers.

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics - Essay Example The theory of â€Å"invisible hand† proposed by the father of economics, Adam Smith, refers to this theory of price. According to Smith, prices are the sacrifice made by customers in order to make a utility gain through consumption of the good or service and the gain made by producers by selling the product that they have produced. Therefore, any rational consumer would be willing to make lesser sacrifice for a comparatively larger amount of gain. On the other hand, producers or sellers would desire to be willing to earn more by selling their product than the sacrifice they have made during producing the good. The market comes to equilibrium at the point at which both the decisions regarding buying and selling the good intersect with one another. This phenomenon is termed as the invisible hand, since the market operates without intervention by any third party (Mankiw 26). Figure: Free market equilibrium (Source: Author’s creation) Three important functions are played by price mechanism in a competitive market economy. These are signaling function, rationalling function and incentive function. Signaling function Prices of goods and services in a competitive market economy demonstrate the rate of availability or scarcity of resources in the market. It indicates whether resource is allocated adequately in different sectors in the economy (Adil 71). In the long run, high price level signals producers to enter the market, while customers are signaled to leave the market and look for cheaper substitutes. Therefore, supply rise and demand falls. Figure: Signaling effect (Source: Author’s creation) Rationalling function Prices can ration scarce resources when market demand is much higher than market supply. If market demand is higher, price would rise, thereby making the good available to those customers only that have the demand for the good backed by purchasing power. It helps to bring the market to equilibrium from a position of disequilibrium b y equaling demand with supply (Boyes and ?Michael 26). Incentive function Price mechanism plays an active and important role in the market economy. Price of a good is the incentive for both buyer and seller to buy or sell the product. For successful running of a competitive market, prices should be efficient enough to incentive the economic agents to involve into economic transactions. Figure: Rationing and incentive effect (Source: Author’s creation) If there is excess demand it raises price. Incentive effect allows suppliers to increase supply while rationalling effect makes buyers to reduce demand. This leads to a new equilibrium (from e to e2). Answer 2: Demand and supply are two basic forces that operate in a competitive market structure. Price plays an important role in determining the equilibrium quantity of demand and supply in this type of economy. Although economic theory simplistically states that there is negative relationship between price of a product and its de mand and positive relationship between price of the product and its supply; there is a difference between expansion and increase in demand or supply for a good or service and contraction or decrease in demand or supply for a good or service (Friedman 13). Expansion or contraction in demand or supply Demand (or supply) can change either due to change in price of the good (or service) or due to change in other variables affecting price.